Scientific Name
Xymalos monospora
Trade Name
Bogabog
Family Name
Monimiaceae
Synonyms
Xymalos ugandensis

Common Names
Bogabog, Chebanatit, Dimu, Kiptassi, Kiptelde, Lemon, Lemonwood, Limoenhout, Mburuno, Mburvno, Mfuru, Mkaliakisumu, Muako, Munyamazhanhi, Murendetti, Muvheti, Nyagazani, Omuhotora, Serweriet, Umveti, Wild lemon
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Burundi, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zimbabwe
Common Uses
Agricultural implements, Beehives, Boxes and crates, Brush backs & handles, Cabinetmaking, Carvings, Flooring, Flooring: industrial heavy traffic, Furniture, Joinery, Light construction, Millwork, Moldings, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products, Railroad ties, Toys, Turnery, Vehicle parts
Heartwood Color
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Orange | ||||||||||||
| Green/grey | ||||||||||||
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange | ||||||||||||
| Greenish to greyish | ||||||||||||
| Brown |
Sapwood Color
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| Same as heartwood |
Grain
| Distinct (figure) | ||||||||||||
| Figure | ||||||||||||
| Straight | ||||||||||||
| Even |
| Distinct figure | ||||||||||||
| Straight |
Texture
| Fine | ||||||||||||
| Medium | ||||||||||||
| Fine | ||||||||||||
| Medium |
Natural Durability
| Non-durable | ||||||||||||
| Durable | ||||||||||||
| Moderately durable | ||||||||||||
| Perishable | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to insect attack | ||||||||||||
| Non-resistant to termites | ||||||||||||
| Resistant to powder post beetles | ||||||||||||
| Non durable | ||||||||||||
| Moderately durable | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) | ||||||||||||
| Resistant to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles | ||||||||||||
| Durable |
Kiln Schedules
| Dry at a slow speed | ||||||||||||
| UK=A US=T2D4/T2D3 Fr=1 |
Drying Defects
| Collapse | ||||||||||||
| Internal Honeycombing Possible | ||||||||||||
| Checking | ||||||||||||
| Splitting | ||||||||||||
| Moderate collapse and honeycombing | ||||||||||||
| Moderate surface checking | ||||||||||||
| Moderate end spitting |
Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Slowly | ||||||||||||
| Difficult |
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly |
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is buttressed |
Tree Size
| Tree height is 20-30 m | ||||||||||||
| Tree height is 10-20 m | ||||||||||||
| Bole length is 0-10 m | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm | ||||||||||||
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm | ||||||||||||
| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
Blunting Effect
| Little | ||||||||||||
| Moderate | ||||||||||||
| Blunting effect on machining is slight | ||||||||||||
| Blunting effect on machining is moderate |
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy | ||||||||||||
| Easy |
Cutting Resistance
| Easy to saw | ||||||||||||
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Easy to glue |
Mortising
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Finishes well | ||||||||||||
| Easy to mortise |
Moulding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Good finishing results | ||||||||||||
| Easy to mould |
Movement in Service
| Fair to Good Stability – Medium Movement | ||||||||||||
| Medium |
Nailing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Easy to nail | ||||||||||||
| Holds nails well |
Planing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Easy to plane | ||||||||||||
| Planes well, to a good finish |
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Resistant sapwood | ||||||||||||
| Heartwood is resistant | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood is moderately resistant | ||||||||||||
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
Resistance to Splitting
| Good |
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work | ||||||||||||
| Easy to machine |
Turning
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Good results | ||||||||||||
| Easy to turn |
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory results | ||||||||||||
| Good results |
Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Good results |
Strength Properties
| Max. crushing strength = medium | ||||||||||||
| Bending strength (MOR) = low | ||||||||||||
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low | ||||||||||||
| Hardness (side grain) = soft | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = very small | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large | ||||||||||||
| Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. | ||||||||||||
| Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low | ||||||||||||
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low | ||||||||||||
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = very small | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = small | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = small | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate | ||||||||||||
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = large | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = large | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large |
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| Bending Strength | 6111 | 9589 | psi |
| Density | 35 | lbs/ft3 | |
| Hardness | 995 | lbs | |
| Impact Strength | 28 | inches | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 3916 | 6397 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | 1560 | psi | |
| Stiffness | 1188 | 1383 | 1000 psi |
| Weight | 34 | 27 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | % | |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 7 | % | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| Bending Strength | 429 | 674 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | 560 | kg/m3 | |
| Hardness | 451 | kg | |
| Impact Strength | 71 | cm | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 275 | 449 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | 109 | kg/cm2 | |
| Stiffness | 83 | 97 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Weight | 544 | 432 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 3 | % |
References
Banks, C.H., Schoeman, J.P., Otto, K.P.,1977,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with particular reference to South,Africa,South African Forestry Research Institute Bulletin,(Ed.,Schoeman, J.P. 1973 & Otto K.P. 1976,No.48
Banks, C.H.,1954,The Mechanical Properties of Timbers with Particular Reference to those,grown in the Union of South Africa,Journal of the South African Forestry Association,No. 24 pp.44-65,[South,African Forestry Journal]
Battiscombe, E.,1926,A Descriptive Catalogue of some of the Common Trees and Woody Plants of,Kenya Colony,Crown Agents for the Colonies London
Bois, P.J.,1966,The Strength Properties of Tanzania Timbers,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi Tech. Note, No.35
Bolza, E., Keating, W.G.,1972,African Timbers – the Properties, Uses and Characteristics of 700 Species,C.S.I.R.O. Div. of Building Research
Brenan, J.P.M., Greenway, P.J.,1949,Check-lists of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire,Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford No.5 Tanganyika Territories Part 2
Bryce, J.M.,1967,Commercial Timbers of Tanzania,Tanzanian Forestry Division Util. Sec. Moshi
Eggeling, W.J.,1940,Indigenous Trees of Uganda,Govt. Printer Entebbe Uganda
Goldsmith, B., Carter, D.T.,1981,The Indigenous Timbers of Zimbabwe,Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe Research Bulletin No.9
Murira, K.,1984,Natural Durability Tests of Tanzanian Timbers 1955 – 1982,Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Timber Utilisation Research Centre,,Moshi.
Scott, M.H.,1935,Weights of South African Growth Timbers,South African Department of Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin,No.145,Forest Products Institute, Forestry Series No.1
Scott, M.H.,1953,Utilisation Notes on South African Timbers,South African Forestry Department Bulletin No.36
Sim, T.R.,1921,Native Trees of South Africa,Union of South Africa Department of Mines and Industries Memoir No.3
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7
Tanzania Forest Department,1966,Xymalos monospora (lemonwood.mburuno,Tanzania Forest Div. Util. Sec. Moshi – Timbers of Tanganyika
Uganda Forest Department,1954,The Mechanical Properties of some Ugandan Timbers,Uganda Forest Department Timber Leaflet,No.1
Wimbush, S.H.,1950,Catalogue of Kenya Timbers,Govt. Printer Nairobi Kenya