Scientific Name
Dipterocarpus borneensis
Trade Name
Yang
Family Name
Dipterocarpaceae
Common Names
Angu, Apitong, Bebe, Dau, Eng, Heng, Huevos de gato, In, Keruing, Lagan, Lagunero, Mututi, Nogal falso, Palo de pollo, Pau sangua, Sangre, Sangre de drago, Sangrillo, Yang, Yaya sangre
Regions of Distribution
Oceania and S.E. Asia
Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
Common Uses
Beams, Boat building, Building construction, Cabin construction, Canoes, Concrete formwork, Construction, Core Stock, Crossties, Decks, Decorative plywood, Decorative veneer, Domestic flooring, Factory construction, Factory flooring, Figured veneer, Flooring, Form work, Foundation posts, Framing, Heavy construction, Joists, Lifeboats, Light construction, Pallets, Parquet flooring, Plain veneer, Plywood, Porch columns, Railroad ties, Rough construction, Shipbuilding, Structural plywood, Sub-flooring, Utility plywood, Veneer
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable | ||||||||||||
| Abundant/Secure | ||||||||||||
| Status unknown due to inadequate information | ||||||||||||
| Status has not been officially assessed |
Distribution Overview
Brunei, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra), Malaysia (Sarawak). This tree is commonly found in lowland heath forest and occasionally in mixed swamp forest.
Heartwood Color
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| Orange | ||||||||||||
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Red | ||||||||||||
| Pink | ||||||||||||
| Reddish brown | ||||||||||||
| Pinkish tint | ||||||||||||
| Orangish to pinkish | ||||||||||||
| Dark brown | ||||||||||||
| Dark brown | ||||||||||||
| Color varies considerably |
Sapwood Color
| White | ||||||||||||
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Red | ||||||||||||
| Tan | ||||||||||||
| Green/Grey | ||||||||||||
| Wide | ||||||||||||
| Grey | ||||||||||||
| Clearly differentiated from the heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Buff |
Grain
| Even | ||||||||||||
| Straight | ||||||||||||
| Interlocked |
| Straight to shallowly interlocked |
Texture
| Fine | ||||||||||||
| Medium | ||||||||||||
| Coarse | ||||||||||||
| Moderately coarse |
Luster
| Medium | ||||||||||||
| High | ||||||||||||
| Non-lustrous | ||||||||||||
| Dull |
Natural Durability
| Resistant to termites | ||||||||||||
| Moderately durable | ||||||||||||
| Durable | ||||||||||||
| Resistant to powder post beetles | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to insect attack | ||||||||||||
| Perishable | ||||||||||||
| Non-resistant to marine borers | ||||||||||||
| Non-durable | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to termite attack | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to attack by marine borers | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood susceptible to attack by powder post beetles | ||||||||||||
| Moderate resistance | ||||||||||||
| Heartwood resistance to decay varies by species |
Despite high silica content in some species, resistance to marine borers is low
Odor
| Strong resinous smell associated with freshly cut wood | ||||||||||||
| No specific taste |
Silica Content
| High | ||||||||||||
| Likely to have significant impact on machining | ||||||||||||
| Contains silica |
Some Dipterocarpus timbers contain silica, which causes severe and rapid blunting of cutting edges in machining operations. Amount of silica is generally less than 0.5% (of ovendry weight). A silica level of 0.05% is usually considered to be high enough to affect the machining properties of wood
Resin Content
| Discharges resin on to surfaces when dried at high temperatures | ||||||||||||
| Contains resin |
Toxicity
| Some toxic effects | ||||||||||||
| Sawdust can cause skin irritation in some individuals |
Kiln Schedules
| T3 – D2 (4/4); T3 – D1 (8/4) US | ||||||||||||
| Schedule D – United Kingdom |
Drying Defects
| Splitting | ||||||||||||
| Checking | ||||||||||||
| Distortion | ||||||||||||
| Warping can be expected | ||||||||||||
| Drying at high temperatures may cause resin exudation | ||||||||||||
| Collapse | ||||||||||||
| Checking |
Ease of Drying
| Fairly Easy | ||||||||||||
| Rapidly | ||||||||||||
| Slowly | ||||||||||||
| Reconditioning Treatement | ||||||||||||
| Little degrade | ||||||||||||
| High shrinkage is common | ||||||||||||
| Difficult to season, especially thick or quartered stock |
Radial – 2.5 to 5.5%
Shrinkage from green to 12% MC
Tangential – 7.5 to 11.5%
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly | ||||||||||||
| Naturally dries quickly |
Tree Size
| Tree height is 30-40 m | ||||||||||||
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm | ||||||||||||
| Tree height is 20-30 m | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood width is 0-5 cm | ||||||||||||
| Bole length is 20-30 m | ||||||||||||
| Tree height is 40-50 m | ||||||||||||
| Bole length is 10-20 m | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood width is 5-10 cm | ||||||||||||
| Bole length is 30-40 m |
Tree has merchantable lengths of about 70 feet (21 m)
Certified Source
| Certified Source |
Blunting Effect
| High to severe | ||||||||||||
| Moderate | ||||||||||||
| Fairly severe blunting effect on cutters |
Boring
| Fairly easy to very easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to good results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
Carving
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw | ||||||||||||
| Easy to saw | ||||||||||||
| Gum-Up | ||||||||||||
| Saw teeth blunted rapidly and severely by some stock | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory sawing properties |
Tungsten carbide-tipped saws are recommended for seasoned material
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly difficult to glue |
Mortising
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
Moulding
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
Movement in Service
| Excellent Stability – Small Movement | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Stability – Medium Movement | ||||||||||||
| Large |
The timbers are reported to exhibit high shrinkage during drying and rather large movement in use
Nailing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Pre-Boring Recommended | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory nailing properties |
Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Poor to Very Poor Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Straight grained and easy to work in most machining operations | ||||||||||||
| Special attention required | ||||||||||||
| Resin may clog equipment |
Timber with interlocked grain requires a reduced angle of 20 degrees in planing operations for best results
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Resistant sapwood | ||||||||||||
| Sapwood is moderately resistant | ||||||||||||
| Heartwood is moderately resistant |
Response to Hand Tools
| Easy to Work | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work |
Routing & Recessing
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
Sanding
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Good sanding properties | ||||||||||||
| Extra care required for stock with high amounts of resin |
Screwing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Poor to Very Poor Results |
Turning
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Wood containing silica may severely blunt cutting edges | ||||||||||||
| Good turning and woodworking, especially when green |
Veneering Qualities
| Suitable for peeling | ||||||||||||
| Veneers easily | ||||||||||||
| Suitable for slicing | ||||||||||||
| Veneers moderately easy | ||||||||||||
| No drying degrade |
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Steaming accompanied by severe resin exudation | ||||||||||||
| Poor |
Painting
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Resin exudation impacts polishing/finishing |
Staining
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results |
Varnishing
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy |
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| Bending Strength | 9996 | 17934 | psi |
| Density | 47 | lbs/ft3 | |
| Hardness | 1490 | lbs | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 4773 | 9359 | psi |
| Stiffness | 1695 | 2249 | 1000 psi |
| Toughness | 235 | inch-lbs | |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 | ||
| Weight | 45 | 37. | lbs/ft3 |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| Bending Strength | 702 | 1260 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | 753 | kg/m3 | |
| Hardness | 675 | kg | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 335 | 658 | kg/cm2 |
| Stiffness | 119 | 158 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Toughness | 270 | cm-kg | |
| Specific Gravity | 0.57 |
References
Chudnoff, M.,1984,Tropical Timbers of the World,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products,Laboratory, Madison.
HMSO. 1972. Handbook of Hardwoods, 2nd Edition. Revised by R.H. Farmer. Department of the Environment, Building Research Establishment, Princes Risborough Laboratory, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London.
Keating, W.G., Bolza, E.,1982,Characteristics properties and uses of timbers. South East Asia, Northern,Australia and the Pacific,C.S.I.R.O. Div. Chemical Technology,Inkata Press,1