Scientific Name
Pachypodanthium staudtii
Trade Name
Aniouketi
Family Name
Annonaceae
Common Names
Aniouketi, Djirrowa-tue, Fale, Gpaladio, N’tom, Ntom, Okianga, Okyira, Pae-aduasa, Zree-chu
Regions of Distribution
Africa
Countries of Distribution [VIEW MAP]
Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zaire
Common Uses
Balusters, Barge fenders, Boxes and crates, Building construction, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Casks, Chairs, Chests, Concealed parts (Furniture), Construction, Cooperages, Decorative plywood, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Docks, Dockwork, Domestic flooring, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Excelsior, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Food containers, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Harbor work, Hatracks, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Light construction, Living-room suites, Marine construction, Millwork, Mine timbers, Moldings, Naval architecture, Office furniture, Packing cases, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Turnery, Vats, Veneer: decorative
Environmental Profile
| Vulnerable | ||||||||||||
| Status within its natural growth range has not been officially assessed |
Distribution Overview
The species is distributed in West Africa, and is found primarily in Ghana and Liberia.
Heartwood Color
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Red | ||||||||||||
| Pink | ||||||||||||
| Green/grey | ||||||||||||
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| Purple | ||||||||||||
| Black | ||||||||||||
| Orange | ||||||||||||
| Pale brown | ||||||||||||
| Yellow to golden-yellow to orange | ||||||||||||
| Greenish to greyish | ||||||||||||
| Yellow/Brown | ||||||||||||
| Reddish brown | ||||||||||||
| Brown |
The wood occasionally has an olive tinge and stripes.
Sapwood Color
| Yellow | ||||||||||||
| White | ||||||||||||
| Green/Grey | ||||||||||||
| Brown | ||||||||||||
| Same as heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Color not distinct from heartwood |
Grain
| Straight | ||||||||||||
| Closed | ||||||||||||
| Even | ||||||||||||
| Wavy |
| Straight | ||||||||||||
| Wavy |
Texture
| Coarse | ||||||||||||
| Medium | ||||||||||||
| Fine | ||||||||||||
| Fine | ||||||||||||
| Coarse | ||||||||||||
| Medium coarse to coarse | ||||||||||||
| Fine to medium | ||||||||||||
| Even textured |
Luster
| Low | ||||||||||||
| Dull | ||||||||||||
| Lustrous |
Natural Durability
| Perishable | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to insect attack | ||||||||||||
| Non-durable | ||||||||||||
| Moderately durable | ||||||||||||
| Durable | ||||||||||||
| Resistant to marine borers | ||||||||||||
| Very durable | ||||||||||||
| Non-resistant to termites | ||||||||||||
| Non-resistant to powder post beetles | ||||||||||||
| Durable | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) | ||||||||||||
| Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles | ||||||||||||
| Resistant to attack from termites (Isoptera) | ||||||||||||
| Perishable | ||||||||||||
| Non durable |
The timber is immune to attack by termites. Logs should be extracted rapidly from the forest after felling to avoid losses from splitting and attack by insects and fungi. Wood surfaces should be protected against effects of the weather if the timber is to be used in exterior applications.
Weathering
| Good |
Odor
| Has an odor | ||||||||||||
| No specific smell or taste |
Silica Content
| High |
Kiln Schedules
| Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid | ||||||||||||
| Drying (speed) is fast |
Drying Defects
| Splitting | ||||||||||||
| Checking | ||||||||||||
| Distortion | ||||||||||||
| Slight surface checking |
Ease of Drying
| Moderately Difficult to Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy | ||||||||||||
| Slowly | ||||||||||||
| Rapidly | ||||||||||||
| Seasons well with little or no degrade | ||||||||||||
| Easy |
Kiln Drying Rate
| Naturally dries slowly | ||||||||||||
| Naturally dries quickly | ||||||||||||
| Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) |
Tree Identification
| Bole/stem form is not buttressed | ||||||||||||
| Bole/stem form is straight | ||||||||||||
| Bole/stem form is cylindrical |
Tree Size
| Trunk diameter is 100-150 cm | ||||||||||||
| Tree height is 20-30 m | ||||||||||||
| Tree height is 30-40 m | ||||||||||||
| Bole length is 10-20 m | ||||||||||||
| Trunk diameter is 150-200 cm |
Trunk diameter is 24 to 36 inches (60 to 90 cm) at maturity.
Comments
The leaf and bark of the tree are reported to contain alkaloids
Blunting Effect
| High to severe | ||||||||||||
| Slight blunting effect on cutters |
Boring
| Fairly difficult to very difficult |
Carving
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Good results |
Cutting Resistance
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw | ||||||||||||
| Rather low | ||||||||||||
| Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy |
Gluing
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Easy to glue | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory gluing properties |
Mortising
| Poor to Very Poor Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
Moulding
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
Movement in Service
| Unstable with Poor Stability – Large Movement |
Nailing
| Pre-Boring Recommended | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Easy to nail | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory nailing properties |
Planing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Easy to Very Easy | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Responds well to hand and machine tools | ||||||||||||
| Planes well, to a good finish |
The timber works easily. It planes, turns, moulds, and mortises well
Resistance to Impregnation
| Resistant heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Permeable sapwood | ||||||||||||
| Permeable heartwood | ||||||||||||
| Resistant sapwood |
Response to Hand Tools
| Fairly Difficult to Difficult to Work | ||||||||||||
| Responds Poorly | ||||||||||||
| Easy to Work | ||||||||||||
| Easy to machine | ||||||||||||
| Responds well to hand tools |
Routing & Recessing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
Sanding
| Easy to sand |
Screwing
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult | ||||||||||||
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Pre-boring recommended | ||||||||||||
| Satisfactory screwing properties |
Turning
| Poor to Very Poor Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult |
Veneering Qualities
| Veneers easily | ||||||||||||
| Veneers moderately easy | ||||||||||||
| Suitable for peeling | ||||||||||||
| No drying degrade |
Steam Bending
| Fair to Good Results |
Painting
| Takes paint well |
Polishing
| Fair to Good Results | ||||||||||||
| Very Good to Excellent Results | ||||||||||||
| Fairly good polishing characteristics |
Polishing characteristics are good
Varnishing
| Varnishes easily with little or no surface preparation |
Strength Properties
| Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = fairly large | ||||||||||||
| Max. crushing strength = high | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Volumetric = fairly large | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = large | ||||||||||||
| Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. | ||||||||||||
| Bending strength (MOR) = high | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = small | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = fairly large | ||||||||||||
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low | ||||||||||||
| Bending strength (MOR) = medium | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = moderate | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Radial = large | ||||||||||||
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = high | ||||||||||||
| Hardness (side grain) = medium | ||||||||||||
| Work to Maximum Load = very low | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Volumetric = moderate | ||||||||||||
| Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate | ||||||||||||
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low | ||||||||||||
| Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low | ||||||||||||
| Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low | ||||||||||||
| Max. crushing strength = very high | ||||||||||||
| Hardness (side grain) = soft | ||||||||||||
| Hardness (side grain) = hard | ||||||||||||
| Bending strength in the air-dry condition (about 12 percent moisture content) is very high |
Compression strength parallel to grain, or maximum crushing strength, is very high – higher than in Teak or Hard maple.
Numerical Data
| Item | Green | Dry | English |
| Bending Strength | 11293 | 17544 | psi |
| Density | 45 | lbs/ft3 | |
| Hardness | 1657 | lbs | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 6398 | 9839 | psi |
| Shearing Strength | 1713 | psi | |
| Stiffness | 1701 | 1956 | 1000 psi |
| Work to Maximum Load | 5 | 7 | inch-lbs/in3 |
| Weight | 44 | 35 | lbs/ft3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | % | |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | % | |
| Volumetric Shrinkage | 12 | % | |
| Item | Green | Dry | Metric |
| Bending Strength | 793 | 1233 | kg/cm2 |
| Density | 721 | kg/m3 | |
| Hardness | 751 | kg | |
| Maximum Crushing Strength | 449 | 691 | kg/cm2 |
| Shearing Strength | 120 | kg/cm2 | |
| Stiffness | 119 | 137 | 1000 kg/cm2 |
| Work to Maximum Load | 0.35 | 0.49 | cm-kg/cm3 |
| Weight | 705 | 560 | kg/m3 |
| Radial Shrinkage | 4 | % | |
| Tangential Shrinkage | 9 | % |
References
Cooper, G.P., Record, S.J.,1931,The Evergreen Forests of Liberia,Yale School Forestry Bulletin,31,pp1-153
Dudek, S.,1981,Lesser Known Liberian Timber Species,German Agency for Technical Cooperation Germany
Hughes, J.F.,1971,The Principal Timber Trees of Cameroon,Unpublished data
Irvine, F.R.,1961,Woody Plants of Ghana,O.U.P. London
Jane, F.W.,1954,The Structure of World Timbers – 21 Muganga Musine Pilon and Hura,Timber Technology,62(2175, pp15-17
Keay, R.W.J., et al,1960,Nigerian Trees Vol.1,Nigeria Federal Department of Forest Research, Ibadan
Kryn, J.M., Forbes, E.W.,1959,The Woods of Liberia,U.S.A. Department of Agriculture,Forest Products Laboratory, Madison,,Report No. 2159
Lebacq, L., Dechamps, R.,1967,Contribution a un Inventaire de Forets du Nord-kasai,Musee Royal de L’Afrique Centrale Belgium Annals Series 8 No.5
Sallenave, P.,1964,Proprietes Physiques et Mecaniques des Bois Tropicaux (Premier Supplement,C.T.F.T. Publ.,no.23
Takahashi, A.,1978,Compilation of Data on the Mechanical Properties of Foreign Woods (Part,III) Africa,Shimane University, Japan, Research Report on Foreign Wood No. 7